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Basic Thresholding Operations

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Original author Ana Huamán
Compatibility OpenCV >= 3.0

Goal

In this tutorial you will learn how to:

  • Perform basic thresholding operations using OpenCV function cv::threshold

Cool Theory

Note
The explanation below belongs to the book Learning OpenCV by Bradski and Kaehler. What is

Thresholding?

  • The simplest segmentation method
  • Application example: Separate out regions of an image corresponding to objects which we want to analyze. This separation is based on the variation of intensity between the object pixels and the background pixels.
  • To differentiate the pixels we are interested in from the rest (which will eventually be rejected), we perform a comparison of each pixel intensity value with respect to a threshold (determined according to the problem to solve).
  • Once we have separated properly the important pixels, we can set them with a determined value to identify them (i.e. we can assign them a value of 0 (black), 255 (white) or any value that suits your needs).

Types of Thresholding

  • OpenCV offers the function cv::threshold to perform thresholding operations.
  • We can effectuate 5 types of Thresholding operations with this function. We will explain them in the following subsections.
  • To illustrate how these thresholding processes work, let's consider that we have a source image with pixels with intensity values src(x,y). The plot below depicts this. The horizontal blue line represents the threshold thresh (fixed).

Threshold Binary

  • This thresholding operation can be expressed as:

    dst(x,y)={maxValif src(x,y)>thresh0otherwise

  • So, if the intensity of the pixel src(x,y) is higher than thresh, then the new pixel intensity is set to a MaxVal. Otherwise, the pixels are set to 0.

Threshold Binary, Inverted

  • This thresholding operation can be expressed as:

    dst(x,y)={0if src(x,y)>threshmaxValotherwise

  • If the intensity of the pixel src(x,y) is higher than thresh, then the new pixel intensity is set to a 0. Otherwise, it is set to MaxVal.

Truncate

  • This thresholding operation can be expressed as:

    dst(x,y)={thresholdif src(x,y)>threshsrc(x,y)otherwise

  • The maximum intensity value for the pixels is thresh, if src(x,y) is greater, then its value is truncated. See figure below:

Threshold to Zero

  • This operation can be expressed as:

    dst(x,y)={src(x,y)if src(x,y)>thresh0otherwise

  • If src(x,y) is lower than thresh, the new pixel value will be set to 0.

Threshold to Zero, Inverted

  • This operation can be expressed as:

    dst(x,y)={0if src(x,y)>threshsrc(x,y)otherwise

  • If src(x,y) is greater than thresh, the new pixel value will be set to 0.

Code

The tutorial code's is shown lines below. You can also download it from here

#include <iostream>
using namespace cv;
using std::cout;
int threshold_value = 0;
int threshold_type = 3;
int const max_value = 255;
int const max_type = 4;
int const max_binary_value = 255;
Mat src, src_gray, dst;
const char* window_name = "Threshold Demo";
const char* trackbar_type = "Type: \n 0: Binary \n 1: Binary Inverted \n 2: Truncate \n 3: To Zero \n 4: To Zero Inverted";
const char* trackbar_value = "Value";
static void Threshold_Demo( int, void* )
{
/* 0: Binary
1: Binary Inverted
2: Threshold Truncated
3: Threshold to Zero
4: Threshold to Zero Inverted
*/
threshold( src_gray, dst, threshold_value, max_binary_value, threshold_type );
imshow( window_name, dst );
}
int main( int argc, char** argv )
{
String imageName("stuff.jpg"); // by default
if (argc > 1)
{
imageName = argv[1];
}
src = imread( samples::findFile( imageName ), IMREAD_COLOR ); // Load an image
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cannot read the image: " << imageName << std::endl;
return -1;
}
cvtColor( src, src_gray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY ); // Convert the image to Gray
namedWindow( window_name, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE ); // Create a window to display results
createTrackbar( trackbar_type,
window_name, &threshold_type,
max_type, Threshold_Demo ); // Create a Trackbar to choose type of Threshold
createTrackbar( trackbar_value,
window_name, &threshold_value,
max_value, Threshold_Demo ); // Create a Trackbar to choose Threshold value
Threshold_Demo( 0, 0 ); // Call the function to initialize
waitKey();
return 0;
}
n-dimensional dense array class
Definition mat.hpp:829
bool empty() const
Returns true if the array has no elements.
std::string String
Definition cvstd.hpp:151
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
Definition highgui_qt.cpp:3
Definition core.hpp:107

Explanation

Let's check the general structure of the program:

  • Load an image. If it is BGR we convert it to Grayscale. For this, remember that we can use the function cv::cvtColor :
String imageName("stuff.jpg"); // by default
if (argc > 1)
{
imageName = argv[1];
}
src = imread( samples::findFile( imageName ), IMREAD_COLOR ); // Load an image
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cannot read the image: " << imageName << std::endl;
return -1;
}
cvtColor( src, src_gray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY ); // Convert the image to Gray
  • Create a window to display the result
namedWindow( window_name, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE ); // Create a window to display results
  • Create 2 trackbars for the user to enter user input:
    • Type of thresholding: Binary, To Zero, etc...
    • Threshold value
createTrackbar( trackbar_type,
window_name, &threshold_type,
max_type, Threshold_Demo ); // Create a Trackbar to choose type of Threshold
createTrackbar( trackbar_value,
window_name, &threshold_value,
max_value, Threshold_Demo ); // Create a Trackbar to choose Threshold value
  • Wait until the user enters the threshold value, the type of thresholding (or until the program exits)
  • Whenever the user changes the value of any of the Trackbars, the function Threshold_Demo (update in Java) is called:
static void Threshold_Demo( int, void* )
{
/* 0: Binary
1: Binary Inverted
2: Threshold Truncated
3: Threshold to Zero
4: Threshold to Zero Inverted
*/
threshold( src_gray, dst, threshold_value, max_binary_value, threshold_type );
imshow( window_name, dst );
}

As you can see, the function cv::threshold is invoked. We give 5 parameters in C++ code:

  • src_gray: Our input image
  • dst: Destination (output) image
  • threshold_value: The thresh value with respect to which the thresholding operation is made
  • max_BINARY_value: The value used with the Binary thresholding operations (to set the chosen pixels)
  • threshold_type: One of the 5 thresholding operations. They are listed in the comment section of the function above.

Results

  1. After compiling this program, run it giving a path to an image as argument. For instance, for an input image as:
  1. First, we try to threshold our image with a binary threshold inverted. We expect that the pixels brighter than the thresh will turn dark, which is what actually happens, as we can see in the snapshot below (notice from the original image, that the doggie's tongue and eyes are particularly bright in comparison with the image, this is reflected in the output image).
  1. Now we try with the threshold to zero. With this, we expect that the darkest pixels (below the threshold) will become completely black, whereas the pixels with value greater than the threshold will keep its original value. This is verified by the following snapshot of the output image: