Object detection with Generalized Ballard and Guil Hough Transform

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Original author	Markus Heck
Compatibility	OpenCV >= 3.4

Goal

In this tutorial you will learn how to:

• Use cv::GeneralizedHoughBallard and cv::GeneralizedHoughGuil to detect an object

Example

What does this program do?

1. Load the image and template

image

template

1. Instantiate cv::GeneralizedHoughBallard with the help of createGeneralizedHoughBallard()
2. Instantiate cv::GeneralizedHoughGuil with the help of createGeneralizedHoughGuil()
3. Set the required parameters for both GeneralizedHough variants
4. Detect and show found results

Note

• Both variants can't be instantiated directly. Using the create methods is required.
• Guil Hough is very slow. Calculating the results for the "mini" files used in this tutorial takes only a few seconds. With image and template in a higher resolution, as shown below, my notebook requires about 5 minutes to calculate a result.

image

template

Code

The complete code for this tutorial is shown below.

#include "opencv2/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgproc.hpp"

using namespace cv;
using namespace std;

int main() {
// load source image and grayscale template
 Mat image = imread("images/generalized_hough_mini_image.jpg");
 Mat templ = imread("images/generalized_hough_mini_template.jpg", IMREAD_GRAYSCALE);

// create grayscale image
 Mat grayImage;
 cvtColor(image, grayImage, COLOR_RGB2GRAY);

// create variable for location, scale and rotation of detected templates
 vector<Vec4f> positionBallard, positionGuil;

// template width and height
 int w = templ.cols;
 int h = templ.rows;


// create ballard and set options
 Ptr<GeneralizedHoughBallard> ballard = createGeneralizedHoughBallard();
 ballard->setMinDist(10);
 ballard->setLevels(360);
 ballard->setDp(2);
 ballard->setMaxBufferSize(1000);
 ballard->setVotesThreshold(40);

 ballard->setCannyLowThresh(30);
 ballard->setCannyHighThresh(110);
 ballard->setTemplate(templ);


// create guil and set options
 Ptr<GeneralizedHoughGuil> guil = createGeneralizedHoughGuil();
 guil->setMinDist(10);
 guil->setLevels(360);
 guil->setDp(3);
 guil->setMaxBufferSize(1000);

 guil->setMinAngle(0);
 guil->setMaxAngle(360);
 guil->setAngleStep(1);
 guil->setAngleThresh(1500);

 guil->setMinScale(0.5);
 guil->setMaxScale(2.0);
 guil->setScaleStep(0.05);
 guil->setScaleThresh(50);

 guil->setPosThresh(10);

 guil->setCannyLowThresh(30);
 guil->setCannyHighThresh(110);

 guil->setTemplate(templ);


// execute ballard detection
 ballard->detect(grayImage, positionBallard);
// execute guil detection
 guil->detect(grayImage, positionGuil);


// draw ballard
 for (vector<Vec4f>::iterator iter = positionBallard.begin(); iter != positionBallard.end(); ++iter) {
 RotatedRect rRect = RotatedRect(Point2f((*iter)[0], (*iter)[1]),
 Size2f(w * (*iter)[2], h * (*iter)[2]),
 (*iter)[3]);
 Point2f vertices[4];
 rRect.points(vertices);
 for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
 line(image, vertices[i], vertices[(i + 1) % 4], Scalar(255, 0, 0), 6);
 }

// draw guil
 for (vector<Vec4f>::iterator iter = positionGuil.begin(); iter != positionGuil.end(); ++iter) {
 RotatedRect rRect = RotatedRect(Point2f((*iter)[0], (*iter)[1]),
 Size2f(w * (*iter)[2], h * (*iter)[2]),
 (*iter)[3]);
 Point2f vertices[4];
 rRect.points(vertices);
 for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
 line(image, vertices[i], vertices[(i + 1) % 4], Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2);
 }

 imshow("result_img", image);
 waitKey();

 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

Explanation

Load image, template and setup variables

// load source image and grayscale template
 Mat image = imread("images/generalized_hough_mini_image.jpg");
 Mat templ = imread("images/generalized_hough_mini_template.jpg", IMREAD_GRAYSCALE);

// create grayscale image
 Mat grayImage;
 cvtColor(image, grayImage, COLOR_RGB2GRAY);

// create variable for location, scale and rotation of detected templates
 vector<Vec4f> positionBallard, positionGuil;

// template width and height
 int w = templ.cols;
 int h = templ.rows;

The position vectors will contain the matches the detectors will find. Every entry contains four floating point values: position vector

• [0]: x coordinate of center point
• [1]: y coordinate of center point
• [2]: scale of detected object compared to template
• [3]: rotation of detected object in degree in relation to template

An example could look as follows: [200, 100, 0.9, 120]

Setup parameters

// create ballard and set options
 Ptr<GeneralizedHoughBallard> ballard = createGeneralizedHoughBallard();
 ballard->setMinDist(10);
 ballard->setLevels(360);
 ballard->setDp(2);
 ballard->setMaxBufferSize(1000);
 ballard->setVotesThreshold(40);

 ballard->setCannyLowThresh(30);
 ballard->setCannyHighThresh(110);
 ballard->setTemplate(templ);


// create guil and set options
 Ptr<GeneralizedHoughGuil> guil = createGeneralizedHoughGuil();
 guil->setMinDist(10);
 guil->setLevels(360);
 guil->setDp(3);
 guil->setMaxBufferSize(1000);

 guil->setMinAngle(0);
 guil->setMaxAngle(360);
 guil->setAngleStep(1);
 guil->setAngleThresh(1500);

 guil->setMinScale(0.5);
 guil->setMaxScale(2.0);
 guil->setScaleStep(0.05);
 guil->setScaleThresh(50);

 guil->setPosThresh(10);

 guil->setCannyLowThresh(30);
 guil->setCannyHighThresh(110);

 guil->setTemplate(templ);

Finding the optimal values can end up in trial and error and depends on many factors, such as the image resolution.

Run detection

// execute ballard detection
 ballard->detect(grayImage, positionBallard);
// execute guil detection
 guil->detect(grayImage, positionGuil);

As mentioned above, this step will take some time, especially with larger images and when using Guil.

Draw results and show image

// draw ballard
 for (vector<Vec4f>::iterator iter = positionBallard.begin(); iter != positionBallard.end(); ++iter) {
 RotatedRect rRect = RotatedRect(Point2f((*iter)[0], (*iter)[1]),
 Size2f(w * (*iter)[2], h * (*iter)[2]),
 (*iter)[3]);
 Point2f vertices[4];
 rRect.points(vertices);
 for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
 line(image, vertices[i], vertices[(i + 1) % 4], Scalar(255, 0, 0), 6);
 }

// draw guil
 for (vector<Vec4f>::iterator iter = positionGuil.begin(); iter != positionGuil.end(); ++iter) {
 RotatedRect rRect = RotatedRect(Point2f((*iter)[0], (*iter)[1]),
 Size2f(w * (*iter)[2], h * (*iter)[2]),
 (*iter)[3]);
 Point2f vertices[4];
 rRect.points(vertices);
 for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
 line(image, vertices[i], vertices[(i + 1) % 4], Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2);
 }

 imshow("result_img", image);
 waitKey();

Result

result image

The blue rectangle shows the result of cv::GeneralizedHoughBallard and the green rectangles the results of cv::GeneralizedHoughGuil.

Getting perfect results like in this example is unlikely if the parameters are not perfectly adapted to the sample. An example with less perfect parameters is shown below. For the Ballard variant, only the center of the result is marked as a black dot on this image. The rectangle would be the same as on the previous image.

less perfect result