Basic Operations on Images

Goal

• Learn how to access image properties
• Learn how to construct Mat
• Learn how to copy Mat
• Learn how to convert the type of Mat
• Learn how to use MatVector
• Learn how to access pixel values and modify them
• Learn how to set Region of Interest (ROI)
• Learn how to split and merge images

Accessing Image Properties

Image properties include number of rows, columns and size, depth, channels, type of image data.

let src = cv.imread("canvasInput");
console.log('image width: ' + src.cols + '\n' +
            'image height: ' + src.rows + '\n' +
            'image size: ' + src.size().width + '*' + src.size().height + '\n' +
            'image depth: ' + src.depth() + '\n' +
            'image channels ' + src.channels() + '\n' +
            'image type: ' + src.type() + '\n');

Note

src.type() is very important while debugging because a large number of errors in OpenCV.js code are caused by invalid data type.

How to construct Mat

There are 4 basic constructors:

// 1. default constructor
let mat = new cv.Mat();
// 2. two-dimensional arrays by size and type
let mat = new cv.Mat(size, type);
// 3. two-dimensional arrays by rows, cols, and type
let mat = new cv.Mat(rows, cols, type);
// 4. two-dimensional arrays by rows, cols, and type with initialization value
let mat = new cv.Mat(rows, cols, type, new cv.Scalar());

There are 3 static functions:

// 1. Create a Mat which is full of zeros
let mat = cv.Mat.zeros(rows, cols, type);
// 2. Create a Mat which is full of ones
let mat = cv.Mat.ones(rows, cols, type);
// 3. Create a Mat which is an identity matrix
let mat = cv.Mat.eye(rows, cols, type);

There are 2 factory functions:

// 1. Use JS array to construct a mat.
// For example: let mat = cv.matFromArray(2, 2, cv.CV_8UC1, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
let mat = cv.matFromArray(rows, cols, type, array);
// 2. Use imgData to construct a mat
let ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
let imgData = ctx.getImageData(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
let mat = cv.matFromImageData(imgData);

Note

Don't forget to delete cv.Mat when you don't want to use it any more.

How to copy Mat

There are 2 ways to copy a Mat:

// 1. Clone
let dst = src.clone();
// 2. CopyTo(only entries indicated in the mask are copied)
src.copyTo(dst, mask);

How to convert the type of Mat

We use the function: convertTo(m, rtype, alpha = 1, beta = 0)

Parameters

m	output matrix; if it does not have a proper size or type before the operation, it is reallocated.
rtype	desired output matrix type or, rather, the depth since the number of channels are the same as the input has; if rtype is negative, the output matrix will have the same type as the input.
alpha	optional scale factor.
beta	optional delta added to the scaled values.

src.convertTo(dst, rtype);

How use MatVector

let mat = new cv.Mat();
// Initialise a MatVector
let matVec = new cv.MatVector();
// Push a Mat back into MatVector
matVec.push_back(mat);
// Get a Mat fom MatVector
let cnt = matVec.get(0);
mat.delete(); matVec.delete(); cnt.delete();

Note

Don't forget to delete cv.Mat, cv.MatVector and cnt(the Mat you get from MatVector) when you don't want to use them any more.

Accessing and Modifying pixel values

Firstly, you should know the following type relationship:

Data Properties	C++ Type	JavaScript Typed Array	Mat Type
data	uchar	Uint8Array	CV_8U
data8S	char	Int8Array	CV_8S
data16U	ushort	Uint16Array	CV_16U
data16S	short	Int16Array	CV_16S
data32S	int	Int32Array	CV_32S
data32F	float	Float32Array	CV_32F
data64F	double	Float64Array	CV_64F

1. data

let row = 3, col = 4;
let src = cv.imread("canvasInput");
if (src.isContinuous()) {
    let R = src.data[row * src.cols * src.channels() + col * src.channels()];
    let G = src.data[row * src.cols * src.channels() + col * src.channels() + 1];
    let B = src.data[row * src.cols * src.channels() + col * src.channels() + 2];
    let A = src.data[row * src.cols * src.channels() + col * src.channels() + 3];
}

Note

Data manipulation is only valid for continuous Mat. You should use isContinuous() to check first.

2. at

Mat Type	At Manipulation
CV_8U	ucharAt
CV_8S	charAt
CV_16U	ushortAt
CV_16S	shortAt
CV_32S	intAt
CV_32F	floatAt
CV_64F	doubleAt

let row = 3, col = 4;
let src = cv.imread("canvasInput");
let R = src.ucharAt(row, col * src.channels());
let G = src.ucharAt(row, col * src.channels() + 1);
let B = src.ucharAt(row, col * src.channels() + 2);
let A = src.ucharAt(row, col * src.channels() + 3);

Note

At manipulation is only for single channel access and the value can't be modified.

3. ptr

Mat Type	Ptr Manipulation	JavaScript Typed Array
CV_8U	ucharPtr	Uint8Array
CV_8S	charPtr	Int8Array
CV_16U	ushortPtr	Uint16Array
CV_16S	shortPtr	Int16Array
CV_32S	intPtr	Int32Array
CV_32F	floatPtr	Float32Array
CV_64F	doublePtr	Float64Array

let row = 3, col = 4;
let src = cv.imread("canvasInput");
let pixel = src.ucharPtr(row, col);
let R = pixel[0];
let G = pixel[1];
let B = pixel[2];
let A = pixel[3];

mat.ucharPtr(k) get the k th row of the mat. mat.ucharPtr(i, j) get the i th row and the j th column of the mat.

Image ROI

Sometimes, you will have to play with certain region of images. For eye detection in images, first face detection is done all over the image and when face is obtained, we select the face region alone and search for eyes inside it instead of searching whole image. It improves accuracy (because eyes are always on faces) and performance (because we search for a small area)

We use the function: roi (rect)

Parameters

rect	rectangle Region of Interest.

Try it

Splitting and Merging Image Channels

Sometimes you will need to work separately on R,G,B channels of image. Then you need to split the RGB images to single planes. Or another time, you may need to join these individual channels to RGB image.

let src = cv.imread("canvasInput");
let rgbaPlanes = new cv.MatVector();
// Split the Mat
cv.split(src, rgbaPlanes);
// Get R channel
let R = rgbaPlanes.get(0);
// Merge all channels
cv.merge(rgbaPlanes, src);
src.delete(); rgbaPlanes.delete(); R.delete();

Note

Don't forget to delete cv.Mat, cv.MatVector and R(the Mat you get from MatVector) when you don't want to use them any more.

Making Borders for Images (Padding)

If you want to create a border around the image, something like a photo frame, you can use cv.copyMakeBorder() function. But it has more applications for convolution operation, zero padding etc. This function takes following arguments:

• src - input image
• top, bottom, left, right - border width in number of pixels in corresponding directions
• borderType - Flag defining what kind of border to be added. It can be following types:
  • cv.BORDER_CONSTANT - Adds a constant colored border. The value should be given as next argument.
    • cv.BORDER_REFLECT - Border will be mirror reflection of the border elements, like this : fedcba|abcdefgh|hgfedcb
    • cv.BORDER_REFLECT_101 or cv.BORDER_DEFAULT - Same as above, but with a slight change, like this : gfedcb|abcdefgh|gfedcba
    • cv.BORDER_REPLICATE - Last element is replicated throughout, like this: aaaaaa|abcdefgh|hhhhhhh
    • cv.BORDER_WRAP - Can't explain, it will look like this : cdefgh|abcdefgh|abcdefg
• value - Color of border if border type is cv.BORDER_CONSTANT

Try it