Template Matching

Goal

In this tutorial you will learn how to:

• Use the OpenCV function cv::matchTemplate to search for matches between an image patch and an input image
• Use the OpenCV function cv::minMaxLoc to find the maximum and minimum values (as well as their positions) in a given array.

Theory

What is template matching?

Template matching is a technique for finding areas of an image that match (are similar) to a template image (patch).

How does it work?

• We need two primary components:

  1. Source image (I): The image in which we expect to find a match to the template image
  2. Template image (T): The patch image which will be compared to the template image

  our goal is to detect the highest matching area:

  

• To identify the matching area, we have to compare the template image against the source image by sliding it:

  
• By sliding, we mean moving the patch one pixel at a time (left to right, up to down). At each location, a metric is calculated so it represents how "good" or "bad" the match at that location is (or how similar the patch is to that particular area of the source image).

• For each location of T over I, you store the metric in the result matrix **(R)**. Each location \((x,y)\) in R contains the match metric:

  

  the image above is the result R of sliding the patch with a metric TM_CCORR_NORMED. The brightest locations indicate the highest matches. As you can see, the location marked by the red circle is probably the one with the highest value, so that location (the rectangle formed by that point as a corner and width and height equal to the patch image) is considered the match.

• In practice, we use the function cv::minMaxLoc to locate the highest value (or lower, depending of the type of matching method) in the R matrix.

Which are the matching methods available in OpenCV?

Good question. OpenCV implements Template matching in the function cv::matchTemplate . The available methods are 6:

1. method=CV_TM_SQDIFF

   \[R(x,y)= \sum _{x',y'} (T(x',y')-I(x+x',y+y'))^2\]

2. method=CV_TM_SQDIFF_NORMED

   \[R(x,y)= \frac{\sum_{x',y'} (T(x',y')-I(x+x',y+y'))^2}{\sqrt{\sum_{x',y'}T(x',y')^2 \cdot \sum_{x',y'} I(x+x',y+y')^2}}\]

3. method=CV_TM_CCORR

   \[R(x,y)= \sum _{x',y'} (T(x',y') \cdot I(x+x',y+y'))\]

4. method=CV_TM_CCORR_NORMED

   \[R(x,y)= \frac{\sum_{x',y'} (T(x',y') \cdot I(x+x',y+y'))}{\sqrt{\sum_{x',y'}T(x',y')^2 \cdot \sum_{x',y'} I(x+x',y+y')^2}}\]

5. method=CV_TM_CCOEFF

   \[R(x,y)= \sum _{x',y'} (T'(x',y') \cdot I'(x+x',y+y'))\]

   where

   \[\begin{array}{l} T'(x',y')=T(x',y') - 1/(w \cdot h) \cdot \sum _{x'',y''} T(x'',y'') \\ I'(x+x',y+y')=I(x+x',y+y') - 1/(w \cdot h) \cdot \sum _{x'',y''} I(x+x'',y+y'') \end{array}\]

6. method=CV_TM_CCOEFF_NORMED

   \[R(x,y)= \frac{ \sum_{x',y'} (T'(x',y') \cdot I'(x+x',y+y')) }{ \sqrt{\sum_{x',y'}T'(x',y')^2 \cdot \sum_{x',y'} I'(x+x',y+y')^2} }\]

Code

• What does this program do?
  • Loads an input image and a image patch (template)
  • Perform a template matching procedure by using the OpenCV function cv::matchTemplate with any of the 6 matching methods described before. The user can choose the method by entering its selection in the Trackbar.
  • Normalize the output of the matching procedure
  • Localize the location with higher matching probability
  • Draw a rectangle around the area corresponding to the highest match
• Downloadable code: Click here
• Code at glance:

  
  #include "opencv2/imgcodecs.hpp"
  #include "opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"
  #include "opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp"
  #include <iostream>
  #include <stdio.h>
  
  using namespace std;
  using namespace cv;
  
  Mat img; Mat templ; Mat result;
  const char* image_window = "Source Image";
  const char* result_window = "Result window";
  
  int match_method;
  int max_Trackbar = 5;
  
  void MatchingMethod( int, void* );
  
  int main( int, char** argv )
  {
    img = imread( argv[1], 1 );
    templ = imread( argv[2], 1 );
  
    namedWindow( image_window, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
    namedWindow( result_window, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
  
    const char* trackbar_label = "Method: \n 0: SQDIFF \n 1: SQDIFF NORMED \n 2: TM CCORR \n 3: TM CCORR NORMED \n 4: TM COEFF \n 5: TM COEFF NORMED";
    createTrackbar( trackbar_label, image_window, &match_method, max_Trackbar, MatchingMethod );
  
    MatchingMethod( 0, 0 );
  
    waitKey(0);
    return 0;
  }
  
  void MatchingMethod( int, void* )
  {
    Mat img_display;
    img.copyTo( img_display );
  
    int result_cols =  img.cols - templ.cols + 1;
    int result_rows = img.rows - templ.rows + 1;
  
    result.create( result_rows, result_cols, CV_32FC1 );
  
    matchTemplate( img, templ, result, match_method );
    normalize( result, result, 0, 1, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat() );
  
    double minVal; double maxVal; Point minLoc; Point maxLoc;
    Point matchLoc;
  
    minMaxLoc( result, &minVal, &maxVal, &minLoc, &maxLoc, Mat() );
  
  
    if( match_method  == TM_SQDIFF || match_method == TM_SQDIFF_NORMED )
      { matchLoc = minLoc; }
    else
      { matchLoc = maxLoc; }
  
    rectangle( img_display, matchLoc, Point( matchLoc.x + templ.cols , matchLoc.y + templ.rows ), Scalar::all(0), 2, 8, 0 );
    rectangle( result, matchLoc, Point( matchLoc.x + templ.cols , matchLoc.y + templ.rows ), Scalar::all(0), 2, 8, 0 );
  
    imshow( image_window, img_display );
    imshow( result_window, result );
  
    return;
  }

Explanation

1. Declare some global variables, such as the image, template and result matrices, as well as the match method and the window names:

   Mat img; Mat templ; Mat result;
   char* image_window = "Source Image";
   char* result_window = "Result window";
   
   int match_method;
   int max_Trackbar = 5;

2. Load the source image and template:

   img = imread( argv[1], 1 );
   templ = imread( argv[2], 1 );

3. Create the windows to show the results:

   namedWindow( image_window, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
   namedWindow( result_window, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );

4. Create the Trackbar to enter the kind of matching method to be used. When a change is detected the callback function MatchingMethod is called.

   char* trackbar_label = "Method: \n 0: SQDIFF \n 1: SQDIFF NORMED \n 2: TM CCORR \n 3: TM CCORR NORMED \n 4: TM COEFF \n 5: TM COEFF NORMED";
   createTrackbar( trackbar_label, image_window, &match_method, max_Trackbar, MatchingMethod );

5. Wait until user exits the program.

   waitKey(0);
   return 0;

6. Let's check out the callback function. First, it makes a copy of the source image:

   Mat img_display;
   img.copyTo( img_display );

7. Next, it creates the result matrix that will store the matching results for each template location. Observe in detail the size of the result matrix (which matches all possible locations for it)

   int result_cols =  img.cols - templ.cols + 1;
   int result_rows = img.rows - templ.rows + 1;
   
   result.create( result_rows, result_cols, CV_32FC1 );

8. Perform the template matching operation:

   matchTemplate( img, templ, result, match_method );

   the arguments are naturally the input image I, the template T, the result R and the match_method (given by the Trackbar)
9. We normalize the results:

   normalize( result, result, 0, 1, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat() );

10. We localize the minimum and maximum values in the result matrix R by using cv::minMaxLoc .

    double minVal; double maxVal; Point minLoc; Point maxLoc;
    Point matchLoc;
    
    minMaxLoc( result, &minVal, &maxVal, &minLoc, &maxLoc, Mat() );

    the function calls as arguments:
    • result: The source array
    • **&minVal** and **&maxVal:** Variables to save the minimum and maximum values in result
    • **&minLoc** and **&maxLoc:** The Point locations of the minimum and maximum values in the array.
    • Mat(): Optional mask
11. For the first two methods ( TM_SQDIFF and MT_SQDIFF_NORMED ) the best match are the lowest values. For all the others, higher values represent better matches. So, we save the corresponding value in the matchLoc variable:

    if( match_method  == TM_SQDIFF || match_method == TM_SQDIFF_NORMED )
      { matchLoc = minLoc; }
    else
      { matchLoc = maxLoc; }

12. Display the source image and the result matrix. Draw a rectangle around the highest possible matching area:

    rectangle( img_display, matchLoc, Point( matchLoc.x + templ.cols , matchLoc.y + templ.rows ), Scalar::all(0), 2, 8, 0 );
    rectangle( result, matchLoc, Point( matchLoc.x + templ.cols , matchLoc.y + templ.rows ), Scalar::all(0), 2, 8, 0 );
    
    imshow( image_window, img_display );
    imshow( result_window, result );

Results

1. Testing our program with an input image such as:

   

   and a template image:

   
2. Generate the following result matrices (first row are the standard methods SQDIFF, CCORR and CCOEFF, second row are the same methods in its normalized version). In the first column, the darkest is the better match, for the other two columns, the brighter a location, the higher the match.
   

   Result_0
   

   Result_1
   

   Result_2
   

   Result_3
   

   Result_4
   

   Result_5

3. The right match is shown below (black rectangle around the face of the guy at the right). Notice that CCORR and CCDEFF gave erroneous best matches, however their normalized version did it right, this may be due to the fact that we are only considering the "highest match" and not the other possible high matches.