Functions and classes described in this section are used to perform various linear or non-linear filtering operations on 2D images (represented as Mat()‘s). It means that for each pixel location in the source image (normally, rectangular), its neighborhood is considered and used to compute the response. In case of a linear filter, it is a weighted sum of pixel values. In case of morphological operations, it is the minimum or maximum values, and so on. The computed response is stored in the destination image at the same location . It means that the output image will be of the same size as the input image. Normally, the functions support multi-channel arrays, in which case every channel is processed independently. Therefore, the output image will also have the same number of channels as the input one.
Another common feature of the functions and classes described in this section is that, unlike simple arithmetic functions, they need to extrapolate values of some non-existing pixels. For example, if you want to smooth an image using a Gaussian filter, then, when processing the left-most pixels in each row, you need pixels to the left of them, that is, outside of the image. You can let these pixels be the same as the left-most image pixels (“replicated border” extrapolation method), or assume that all the non-existing pixels are zeros (“constant border” extrapolation method), and so on. OpenCV enables you to specify the extrapolation method. For details, see the function borderInterpolate() and discussion of the borderType parameter in the section and various functions below.
/*
Various border types, image boundaries are denoted with '|'
* BORDER_REPLICATE: aaaaaa|abcdefgh|hhhhhhh
* BORDER_REFLECT: fedcba|abcdefgh|hgfedcb
* BORDER_REFLECT_101: gfedcb|abcdefgh|gfedcba
* BORDER_WRAP: cdefgh|abcdefgh|abcdefg
* BORDER_CONSTANT: iiiiii|abcdefgh|iiiiiii with some specified 'i'
*/
Note
Base class for filters with single-column kernels.
class BaseColumnFilter
{
public:
virtual ~BaseColumnFilter();
// To be overriden by the user.
//
// runs a filtering operation on the set of rows,
// "dstcount + ksize - 1" rows on input,
// "dstcount" rows on output,
// each input and output row has "width" elements
// the filtered rows are written into "dst" buffer.
virtual void operator()(const uchar** src, uchar* dst, int dststep,
int dstcount, int width) = 0;
// resets the filter state (may be needed for IIR filters)
virtual void reset();
int ksize; // the aperture size
int anchor; // position of the anchor point,
// normally not used during the processing
};
The class BaseColumnFilter is a base class for filtering data using single-column kernels. Filtering does not have to be a linear operation. In general, it could be written as follows:
where is a filtering function but, as it is represented as a class, it can produce any side effects, memorize previously processed data, and so on. The class only defines an interface and is not used directly. Instead, there are several functions in OpenCV (and you can add more) that return pointers to the derived classes that implement specific filtering operations. Those pointers are then passed to the FilterEngine constructor. While the filtering operation interface uses the uchar type, a particular implementation is not limited to 8-bit data.
Base class for 2D image filters.
class BaseFilter
{
public:
virtual ~BaseFilter();
// To be overriden by the user.
//
// runs a filtering operation on the set of rows,
// "dstcount + ksize.height - 1" rows on input,
// "dstcount" rows on output,
// each input row has "(width + ksize.width-1)*cn" elements
// each output row has "width*cn" elements.
// the filtered rows are written into "dst" buffer.
virtual void operator()(const uchar** src, uchar* dst, int dststep,
int dstcount, int width, int cn) = 0;
// resets the filter state (may be needed for IIR filters)
virtual void reset();
Size ksize;
Point anchor;
};
The class BaseFilter is a base class for filtering data using 2D kernels. Filtering does not have to be a linear operation. In general, it could be written as follows:
where is a filtering function. The class only defines an interface and is not used directly. Instead, there are several functions in OpenCV (and you can add more) that return pointers to the derived classes that implement specific filtering operations. Those pointers are then passed to the FilterEngine constructor. While the filtering operation interface uses the uchar type, a particular implementation is not limited to 8-bit data.
Base class for filters with single-row kernels.
class BaseRowFilter
{
public:
virtual ~BaseRowFilter();
// To be overriden by the user.
//
// runs filtering operation on the single input row
// of "width" element, each element is has "cn" channels.
// the filtered row is written into "dst" buffer.
virtual void operator()(const uchar* src, uchar* dst,
int width, int cn) = 0;
int ksize, anchor;
};
The class BaseRowFilter is a base class for filtering data using single-row kernels. Filtering does not have to be a linear operation. In general, it could be written as follows:
where is a filtering function. The class only defines an interface and is not used directly. Instead, there are several functions in OpenCV (and you can add more) that return pointers to the derived classes that implement specific filtering operations. Those pointers are then passed to the FilterEngine constructor. While the filtering operation interface uses the uchar type, a particular implementation is not limited to 8-bit data.
Generic image filtering class.
class FilterEngine
{
public:
// empty constructor
FilterEngine();
// builds a 2D non-separable filter (!_filter2D.empty()) or
// a separable filter (!_rowFilter.empty() && !_columnFilter.empty())
// the input data type will be "srcType", the output data type will be "dstType",
// the intermediate data type is "bufType".
// _rowBorderType and _columnBorderType determine how the image
// will be extrapolated beyond the image boundaries.
// _borderValue is only used when _rowBorderType and/or _columnBorderType
// == BORDER_CONSTANT
FilterEngine(const Ptr<BaseFilter>& _filter2D,
const Ptr<BaseRowFilter>& _rowFilter,
const Ptr<BaseColumnFilter>& _columnFilter,
int srcType, int dstType, int bufType,
int _rowBorderType=BORDER_REPLICATE,
int _columnBorderType=-1, // use _rowBorderType by default
const Scalar& _borderValue=Scalar());
virtual ~FilterEngine();
// separate function for the engine initialization
void init(const Ptr<BaseFilter>& _filter2D,
const Ptr<BaseRowFilter>& _rowFilter,
const Ptr<BaseColumnFilter>& _columnFilter,
int srcType, int dstType, int bufType,
int _rowBorderType=BORDER_REPLICATE, int _columnBorderType=-1,
const Scalar& _borderValue=Scalar());
// starts filtering of the ROI in an image of size "wholeSize".
// returns the starting y-position in the source image.
virtual int start(Size wholeSize, Rect roi, int maxBufRows=-1);
// alternative form of start that takes the image
// itself instead of "wholeSize". Set isolated to true to pretend that
// there are no real pixels outside of the ROI
// (so that the pixels are extrapolated using the specified border modes)
virtual int start(const Mat& src, const Rect& srcRoi=Rect(0,0,-1,-1),
bool isolated=false, int maxBufRows=-1);
// processes the next portion of the source image,
// "srcCount" rows starting from "src" and
// stores the results in "dst".
// returns the number of produced rows
virtual int proceed(const uchar* src, int srcStep, int srcCount,
uchar* dst, int dstStep);
// higher-level function that processes the whole
// ROI or the whole image with a single call
virtual void apply( const Mat& src, Mat& dst,
const Rect& srcRoi=Rect(0,0,-1,-1),
Point dstOfs=Point(0,0),
bool isolated=false);
bool isSeparable() const { return filter2D.empty(); }
// how many rows from the input image are not yet processed
int remainingInputRows() const;
// how many output rows are not yet produced
int remainingOutputRows() const;
...
// the starting and the ending rows in the source image
int startY, endY;
// pointers to the filters
Ptr<BaseFilter> filter2D;
Ptr<BaseRowFilter> rowFilter;
Ptr<BaseColumnFilter> columnFilter;
};
The class FilterEngine can be used to apply an arbitrary filtering operation to an image. It contains all the necessary intermediate buffers, computes extrapolated values of the “virtual” pixels outside of the image, and so on. Pointers to the initialized FilterEngine instances are returned by various create*Filter functions (see below) and they are used inside high-level functions such as filter2D(), erode(), dilate(), and others. Thus, the class plays a key role in many of OpenCV filtering functions.
This class makes it easier to combine filtering operations with other operations, such as color space conversions, thresholding, arithmetic operations, and others. By combining several operations together you can get much better performance because your data will stay in cache. For example, see below the implementation of the Laplace operator for floating-point images, which is a simplified implementation of Laplacian() :
void laplace_f(const Mat& src, Mat& dst)
{
CV_Assert( src.type() == CV_32F );
dst.create(src.size(), src.type());
// get the derivative and smooth kernels for d2I/dx2.
// for d2I/dy2 consider using the same kernels, just swapped
Mat kd, ks;
getSobelKernels( kd, ks, 2, 0, ksize, false, ktype );
// process 10 source rows at once
int DELTA = std::min(10, src.rows);
Ptr<FilterEngine> Fxx = createSeparableLinearFilter(src.type(),
dst.type(), kd, ks, Point(-1,-1), 0, borderType, borderType, Scalar() );
Ptr<FilterEngine> Fyy = createSeparableLinearFilter(src.type(),
dst.type(), ks, kd, Point(-1,-1), 0, borderType, borderType, Scalar() );
int y = Fxx->start(src), dsty = 0, dy = 0;
Fyy->start(src);
const uchar* sptr = src.data + y*src.step;
// allocate the buffers for the spatial image derivatives;
// the buffers need to have more than DELTA rows, because at the
// last iteration the output may take max(kd.rows-1,ks.rows-1)
// rows more than the input.
Mat Ixx( DELTA + kd.rows - 1, src.cols, dst.type() );
Mat Iyy( DELTA + kd.rows - 1, src.cols, dst.type() );
// inside the loop always pass DELTA rows to the filter
// (note that the "proceed" method takes care of possibe overflow, since
// it was given the actual image height in the "start" method)
// on output you can get:
// * < DELTA rows (initial buffer accumulation stage)
// * = DELTA rows (settled state in the middle)
// * > DELTA rows (when the input image is over, generate
// "virtual" rows using the border mode and filter them)
// this variable number of output rows is dy.
// dsty is the current output row.
// sptr is the pointer to the first input row in the portion to process
for( ; dsty < dst.rows; sptr += DELTA*src.step, dsty += dy )
{
Fxx->proceed( sptr, (int)src.step, DELTA, Ixx.data, (int)Ixx.step );
dy = Fyy->proceed( sptr, (int)src.step, DELTA, d2y.data, (int)Iyy.step );
if( dy > 0 )
{
Mat dstripe = dst.rowRange(dsty, dsty + dy);
add(Ixx.rowRange(0, dy), Iyy.rowRange(0, dy), dstripe);
}
}
}
If you do not need that much control of the filtering process, you can simply use the FilterEngine::apply method. The method is implemented as follows:
void FilterEngine::apply(const Mat& src, Mat& dst,
const Rect& srcRoi, Point dstOfs, bool isolated)
{
// check matrix types
CV_Assert( src.type() == srcType && dst.type() == dstType );
// handle the "whole image" case
Rect _srcRoi = srcRoi;
if( _srcRoi == Rect(0,0,-1,-1) )
_srcRoi = Rect(0,0,src.cols,src.rows);
// check if the destination ROI is inside dst.
// and FilterEngine::start will check if the source ROI is inside src.
CV_Assert( dstOfs.x >= 0 && dstOfs.y >= 0 &&
dstOfs.x + _srcRoi.width <= dst.cols &&
dstOfs.y + _srcRoi.height <= dst.rows );
// start filtering
int y = start(src, _srcRoi, isolated);
// process the whole ROI. Note that "endY - startY" is the total number
// of the source rows to process
// (including the possible rows outside of srcRoi but inside the source image)
proceed( src.data + y*src.step,
(int)src.step, endY - startY,
dst.data + dstOfs.y*dst.step +
dstOfs.x*dst.elemSize(), (int)dst.step );
}
Unlike the earlier versions of OpenCV, now the filtering operations fully support the notion of image ROI, that is, pixels outside of the ROI but inside the image can be used in the filtering operations. For example, you can take a ROI of a single pixel and filter it. This will be a filter response at that particular pixel. However, it is possible to emulate the old behavior by passing isolated=false to FilterEngine::start or FilterEngine::apply . You can pass the ROI explicitly to FilterEngine::apply or construct new matrix headers:
// compute dI/dx derivative at src(x,y)
// method 1:
// form a matrix header for a single value
float val1 = 0;
Mat dst1(1,1,CV_32F,&val1);
Ptr<FilterEngine> Fx = createDerivFilter(CV_32F, CV_32F,
1, 0, 3, BORDER_REFLECT_101);
Fx->apply(src, Rect(x,y,1,1), Point(), dst1);
// method 2:
// form a matrix header for a single value
float val2 = 0;
Mat dst2(1,1,CV_32F,&val2);
Mat pix_roi(src, Rect(x,y,1,1));
Sobel(pix_roi, dst2, dst2.type(), 1, 0, 3, 1, 0, BORDER_REFLECT_101);
printf("method1 =
Explore the data types. As it was mentioned in the BaseFilter description, the specific filters can process data of any type, despite that Base*Filter::operator() only takes uchar pointers and no information about the actual types. To make it all work, the following rules are used:
Applies the bilateral filter to an image.
Parameters: |
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The function applies bilateral filtering to the input image, as described in http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/MANDUCHI1/Bilateral_Filtering.html bilateralFilter can reduce unwanted noise very well while keeping edges fairly sharp. However, it is very slow compared to most filters.
Sigma values: For simplicity, you can set the 2 sigma values to be the same. If they are small (< 10), the filter will not have much effect, whereas if they are large (> 150), they will have a very strong effect, making the image look “cartoonish”.
Filter size: Large filters (d > 5) are very slow, so it is recommended to use d=5 for real-time applications, and perhaps d=9 for offline applications that need heavy noise filtering.
This filter does not work inplace.
Applies the adaptive bilateral filter to an image.
Parameters: |
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A main part of our strategy will be to load each raw pixel once, and reuse it to calculate all pixels in the output (filtered) image that need this pixel value. The math of the filter is that of the usual bilateral filter, except that the sigma color is calculated in the neighborhood, and clamped by the optional input value.
Blurs an image using the normalized box filter.
Parameters: |
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The function smoothes an image using the kernel:
The call blur(src, dst, ksize, anchor, borderType) is equivalent to boxFilter(src, dst, src.type(), anchor, true, borderType) .
See also
boxFilter(), bilateralFilter(), GaussianBlur(), medianBlur()
Computes the source location of an extrapolated pixel.
Parameters: |
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The function computes and returns the coordinate of a donor pixel corresponding to the specified extrapolated pixel when using the specified extrapolation border mode. For example, if you use BORDER_WRAP mode in the horizontal direction, BORDER_REFLECT_101 in the vertical direction and want to compute value of the “virtual” pixel Point(-5, 100) in a floating-point image img , it looks like:
float val = img.at<float>(borderInterpolate(100, img.rows, BORDER_REFLECT_101),
borderInterpolate(-5, img.cols, BORDER_WRAP));
Normally, the function is not called directly. It is used inside FilterEngine and copyMakeBorder() to compute tables for quick extrapolation.
See also
Blurs an image using the box filter.
Parameters: |
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The function smoothes an image using the kernel:
where
Unnormalized box filter is useful for computing various integral characteristics over each pixel neighborhood, such as covariance matrices of image derivatives (used in dense optical flow algorithms, and so on). If you need to compute pixel sums over variable-size windows, use integral() .
See also
blur(), bilateralFilter(), GaussianBlur(), medianBlur(), integral()
Constructs the Gaussian pyramid for an image.
Parameters: |
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The function constructs a vector of images and builds the Gaussian pyramid by recursively applying pyrDown() to the previously built pyramid layers, starting from dst[0]==src .
Forms a border around an image.
Parameters: |
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The function copies the source image into the middle of the destination image. The areas to the left, to the right, above and below the copied source image will be filled with extrapolated pixels. This is not what FilterEngine or filtering functions based on it do (they extrapolate pixels on-fly), but what other more complex functions, including your own, may do to simplify image boundary handling.
The function supports the mode when src is already in the middle of dst . In this case, the function does not copy src itself but simply constructs the border, for example:
// let border be the same in all directions
int border=2;
// constructs a larger image to fit both the image and the border
Mat gray_buf(rgb.rows + border*2, rgb.cols + border*2, rgb.depth());
// select the middle part of it w/o copying data
Mat gray(gray_canvas, Rect(border, border, rgb.cols, rgb.rows));
// convert image from RGB to grayscale
cvtColor(rgb, gray, CV_RGB2GRAY);
// form a border in-place
copyMakeBorder(gray, gray_buf, border, border,
border, border, BORDER_REPLICATE);
// now do some custom filtering ...
...
Note
When the source image is a part (ROI) of a bigger image, the function will try to use the pixels outside of the ROI to form a border. To disable this feature and always do extrapolation, as if src was not a ROI, use borderType | BORDER_ISOLATED.
See also
Returns a box filter engine.
Parameters: |
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The function is a convenience function that retrieves the horizontal sum primitive filter with getRowSumFilter() , vertical sum filter with getColumnSumFilter() , constructs new FilterEngine , and passes both of the primitive filters there. The constructed filter engine can be used for image filtering with normalized or unnormalized box filter.
The function itself is used by blur() and boxFilter() .
See also
Returns an engine for computing image derivatives.
Parameters: |
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The function createDerivFilter() is a small convenience function that retrieves linear filter coefficients for computing image derivatives using getDerivKernels() and then creates a separable linear filter with createSeparableLinearFilter() . The function is used by Sobel() and Scharr() .
Returns an engine for smoothing images with the Gaussian filter.
Parameters: |
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The function createGaussianFilter() computes Gaussian kernel coefficients and then returns a separable linear filter for that kernel. The function is used by GaussianBlur() . Note that while the function takes just one data type, both for input and output, you can pass this limitation by calling getGaussianKernel() and then createSeparableLinearFilter() directly.
Creates a non-separable linear filter engine.
Parameters: |
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The function returns a pointer to a 2D linear filter for the specified kernel, the source array type, and the destination array type. The function is a higher-level function that calls getLinearFilter and passes the retrieved 2D filter to the FilterEngine constructor.
See also
Creates an engine for non-separable morphological operations.
Parameters: |
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The functions construct primitive morphological filtering operations or a filter engine based on them. Normally it is enough to use createMorphologyFilter() or even higher-level erode(), dilate() , or morphologyEx() . Note that createMorphologyFilter() analyzes the structuring element shape and builds a separable morphological filter engine when the structuring element is square.
See also
Creates an engine for a separable linear filter.
Parameters: |
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The functions construct primitive separable linear filtering operations or a filter engine based on them. Normally it is enough to use createSeparableLinearFilter() or even higher-level sepFilter2D() . The function createMorphologyFilter() is smart enough to figure out the symmetryType for each of the two kernels, the intermediate bufType and, if filtering can be done in integer arithmetics, the number of bits to encode the filter coefficients. If it does not work for you, it is possible to call getLinearColumnFilter,``getLinearRowFilter`` directly and then pass them to the FilterEngine constructor.
See also
sepFilter2D(), createLinearFilter(), FilterEngine, getKernelType()
Dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.
Parameters: |
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The function dilates the source image using the specified structuring element that determines the shape of a pixel neighborhood over which the maximum is taken:
The function supports the in-place mode. Dilation can be applied several ( iterations ) times. In case of multi-channel images, each channel is processed independently.
See also
Note
Erodes an image by using a specific structuring element.
Parameters: |
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The function erodes the source image using the specified structuring element that determines the shape of a pixel neighborhood over which the minimum is taken:
The function supports the in-place mode. Erosion can be applied several ( iterations ) times. In case of multi-channel images, each channel is processed independently.
See also
Note
Convolves an image with the kernel.
Parameters: |
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The function applies an arbitrary linear filter to an image. In-place operation is supported. When the aperture is partially outside the image, the function interpolates outlier pixel values according to the specified border mode.
The function does actually compute correlation, not the convolution:
That is, the kernel is not mirrored around the anchor point. If you need a real convolution, flip the kernel using flip() and set the new anchor to (kernel.cols - anchor.x - 1, kernel.rows - anchor.y - 1) .
The function uses the DFT-based algorithm in case of sufficiently large kernels (~``11 x 11`` or larger) and the direct algorithm (that uses the engine retrieved by createLinearFilter() ) for small kernels.
See also
Blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.
Parameters: |
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The function convolves the source image with the specified Gaussian kernel. In-place filtering is supported.
See also
sepFilter2D(), filter2D(), blur(), boxFilter(), bilateralFilter(), medianBlur()
Returns filter coefficients for computing spatial image derivatives.
Parameters: |
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The function computes and returns the filter coefficients for spatial image derivatives. When ksize=CV_SCHARR , the Scharr kernels are generated (see Scharr() ). Otherwise, Sobel kernels are generated (see Sobel() ). The filters are normally passed to sepFilter2D() or to createSeparableLinearFilter() .
Returns Gaussian filter coefficients.
Parameters: |
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The function computes and returns the matrix of Gaussian filter coefficients:
where and is the scale factor chosen so that .
Two of such generated kernels can be passed to sepFilter2D() or to createSeparableLinearFilter(). Those functions automatically recognize smoothing kernels (a symmetrical kernel with sum of weights equal to 1) and handle them accordingly. You may also use the higher-level GaussianBlur().
Returns the kernel type.
Parameters: |
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The function analyzes the kernel coefficients and returns the corresponding kernel type:
- KERNEL_GENERAL The kernel is generic. It is used when there is no any type of symmetry or other properties.
- KERNEL_SYMMETRICAL The kernel is symmetrical: , and the anchor is at the center.
- KERNEL_ASYMMETRICAL The kernel is asymmetrical: , and the anchor is at the center.
- KERNEL_SMOOTH All the kernel elements are non-negative and summed to 1. For example, the Gaussian kernel is both smooth kernel and symmetrical, so the function returns KERNEL_SMOOTH | KERNEL_SYMMETRICAL .
- KERNEL_INTEGER All the kernel coefficients are integer numbers. This flag can be combined with KERNEL_SYMMETRICAL or KERNEL_ASYMMETRICAL .
Returns a structuring element of the specified size and shape for morphological operations.
Parameters: |
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The function constructs and returns the structuring element that can be further passed to createMorphologyFilter(), erode(), dilate() or morphologyEx() . But you can also construct an arbitrary binary mask yourself and use it as the structuring element.
Note
When using OpenCV 1.x C API, the created structuring element IplConvKernel* element must be released in the end using cvReleaseStructuringElement(&element).
Blurs an image using the median filter.
Parameters: |
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The function smoothes an image using the median filter with the aperture. Each channel of a multi-channel image is processed independently. In-place operation is supported.
See also
Performs advanced morphological transformations.
Parameters: |
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The function can perform advanced morphological transformations using an erosion and dilation as basic operations.
Opening operation:
Closing operation:
Morphological gradient:
“Top hat”:
“Black hat”:
Any of the operations can be done in-place. In case of multi-channel images, each channel is processed independently.
See also
Note
Calculates the Laplacian of an image.
Parameters: |
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The function calculates the Laplacian of the source image by adding up the second x and y derivatives calculated using the Sobel operator:
This is done when ksize > 1 . When ksize == 1 , the Laplacian is computed by filtering the image with the following aperture:
Note
Blurs an image and downsamples it.
Parameters: |
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The function performs the downsampling step of the Gaussian pyramid construction. First, it convolves the source image with the kernel:
Then, it downsamples the image by rejecting even rows and columns.
Upsamples an image and then blurs it.
Parameters: |
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The function performs the upsampling step of the Gaussian pyramid construction, though it can actually be used to construct the Laplacian pyramid. First, it upsamples the source image by injecting even zero rows and columns and then convolves the result with the same kernel as in pyrDown() multiplied by 4.
Note
Performs initial step of meanshift segmentation of an image.
Parameters: |
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The function implements the filtering stage of meanshift segmentation, that is, the output of the function is the filtered “posterized” image with color gradients and fine-grain texture flattened. At every pixel (X,Y) of the input image (or down-sized input image, see below) the function executes meanshift iterations, that is, the pixel (X,Y) neighborhood in the joint space-color hyperspace is considered:
where (R,G,B) and (r,g,b) are the vectors of color components at (X,Y) and (x,y), respectively (though, the algorithm does not depend on the color space used, so any 3-component color space can be used instead). Over the neighborhood the average spatial value (X',Y') and average color vector (R',G',B') are found and they act as the neighborhood center on the next iteration:
After the iterations over, the color components of the initial pixel (that is, the pixel from where the iterations started) are set to the final value (average color at the last iteration):
When maxLevel > 0, the gaussian pyramid of maxLevel+1 levels is built, and the above procedure is run on the smallest layer first. After that, the results are propagated to the larger layer and the iterations are run again only on those pixels where the layer colors differ by more than sr from the lower-resolution layer of the pyramid. That makes boundaries of color regions sharper. Note that the results will be actually different from the ones obtained by running the meanshift procedure on the whole original image (i.e. when maxLevel==0).
Note
Applies a separable linear filter to an image.
Parameters: |
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The function applies a separable linear filter to the image. That is, first, every row of src is filtered with the 1D kernel kernelX . Then, every column of the result is filtered with the 1D kernel kernelY . The final result shifted by delta is stored in dst .
Smooths the image in one of several ways.
Parameters: |
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The function smooths an image using one of several methods. Every of the methods has some features and restrictions listed below:
- Blur with no scaling works with single-channel images only and supports accumulation of 8-bit to 16-bit format (similar to Sobel() and Laplacian()) and 32-bit floating point to 32-bit floating-point format.
- Simple blur and Gaussian blur support 1- or 3-channel, 8-bit and 32-bit floating point images. These two methods can process images in-place.
- Median and bilateral filters work with 1- or 3-channel 8-bit images and can not process images in-place.
Note
The function is now obsolete. Use GaussianBlur(), blur(), medianBlur() or bilateralFilter().
Calculates the first, second, third, or mixed image derivatives using an extended Sobel operator.
Parameters: |
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In all cases except one, the separable kernel is used to calculate the derivative. When , the or kernel is used (that is, no Gaussian smoothing is done). ksize = 1 can only be used for the first or the second x- or y- derivatives.
There is also the special value ksize = CV_SCHARR (-1) that corresponds to the Scharr filter that may give more accurate results than the Sobel. The Scharr aperture is
for the x-derivative, or transposed for the y-derivative.
The function calculates an image derivative by convolving the image with the appropriate kernel:
The Sobel operators combine Gaussian smoothing and differentiation, so the result is more or less resistant to the noise. Most often, the function is called with ( xorder = 1, yorder = 0, ksize = 3) or ( xorder = 0, yorder = 1, ksize = 3) to calculate the first x- or y- image derivative. The first case corresponds to a kernel of:
The second case corresponds to a kernel of:
See also
Scharr(), Laplacian(), sepFilter2D(), filter2D(), GaussianBlur(), cartToPolar()
Calculates the first x- or y- image derivative using Scharr operator.
Parameters: |
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The function computes the first x- or y- spatial image derivative using the Scharr operator. The call
is equivalent to
See also